戰爭究竟是某些人的一意孤行，抑或是許多人共同助長的悲劇？1972年諾貝爾文學獎得主海里希‧伯爾在他的作品中即持續地探討著這個問題。作為傑出的廢墟文學與戰後文學的最佳代言人，且持續作為一個積極的政治參與者，伯爾不但描寫了戰後都市的殘破與人民的苦難，更在不同的作品中著重在探討人性的陰暗與光輝。如1963年《小丑之見》（Ansichten eines Clowns）即以一位演員的角度，探討身邊的親友們在戰爭前後立場的搖擺與轉變。在歷史不斷重演的今天，重讀《小丑之見》，每個人物說服自己與說服他人的荒謬感竟讓人有近在眼前的即視感。同樣地，1974年的《卡塔琳娜‧布倫姆失去的榮譽》中對社會兩極化的批評雖為伯爾對當時社會與媒體的批判，同樣的現象在戰爭仍持續威脅著人類的當代人眼中讀來，亦猶如對當代的預示。因此本研究擬以上述不同時期的小說為觀察對象，輔以伯爾同時期的政治論說文章，將研究焦點著重在伯爾在這兩部小說中如何藉人物表達對戰爭的看法、對過去歷史傷痕的修復、對人性的描寫、對社會的批判，以藉此近一步理解，作為「德國的良心」，伯爾是如何藉由書寫在文字中找到社會與政治批判的立足點，以及人性救贖的希望。
* 鄭惠芬，輔仁大學德語語文學系助理教授，E-mail: liviencheng@gmail.com。筆者由衷感謝匿名審查委員對本文內容提供的寶貴建議與補充，使本文的架構與論述得以更完整的面貌呈現。本研究部分研究成果承蒙國科會專題研究計畫之經費補助（編號 MOST 111-2410-H-030-080），特此誌謝。
Is war the result of a few rulers’ decisions? Or is it a tragedy perpetuated by
many people? Heinrich Böll, who received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1972, has consistently explored this question in his works. As a prominent representative of Trümmerliteratur and post-war literature, as well as an active politically engaged writer, Böll has not only depicted the destruction of post-war cities and the suffering of people but also examined the shadows and brilliance of human nature in various works.
It is fascinating to see how works like Ansichten eines Clowns (1963) and Die verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum (1974), despite being written in different eras, maintain timeless relevance. While Böll critiques the society and media of his time in these narratives, the phenomena and arguments of the characters in the stories resonate as premonitions for us contemporary people, who are still threatened by wars. Consequently, the focus of this study will be on how Böll, through these two works concerning his views on war, expresses the healing of past historical wounds, the portrayal of human nature, and criticism of society. The examination will also be supported by political essays written by Böll during the same period. My aim is further to understand how Böll, known as “the conscience of Germany,” finds a standpoint for social and political criticism and seeks hope for the redemption of human nature through his writings.